Managerial Roles As Identified By Mintzberg

Managerial Roles As Identified By Mintzberg In this role the managers regularly seek out information related to the organisation and industry. They monitor relevant changes in the environment and also monitor their teams productivity and well-being. Examples of workplace experience include maintaining personal contact, attending seminars and training; and reading reports. Spokesperson Managers represent and speak on their organisations behalf. In this role they are responsible for transmitting information about their organisation and its goals to the people outside of the organisation. Examples are conferences and reports. Figurehead The manager performs social, ceremonial and legal responsibilities. The manager is expected to be a source of inspiration. Someone people can look up to, someone with authority. In this role the manager acts as a symbolic leader. An example is the signing of legal documents. Leader In this role, managers provide leadership for their team, department or organization as a whole; and manage subordinates performances and responsibilities. Examples of workplace experience include the training and interactions with employees. Liaison Managers establish and maintain communication with internal and external contacts. This entails the effective networking on behalf of the organisation. An example is the participation in meetings with representatives from other divisions inside the organisation or other businesses. Entrepreneur The manager must create and control changes within the organisation. This entails the solving of problems, generation of new ideas and the implementation thereof. An example is the housing shortlist and the provision of thereof. QUESTION 1 Continued†¦ Resource Allocator In this role the manager needs to determine where the organisational resources are best applied. This involves the allocation of funding, the assignment of staff and other organisational resources. This also involves the drafting and approval of plans, schedules, budgets and setting of priorities. Disturbance Handler Deals with the mediation of disputes and problems; and takes corrective actions. The manager settles conflicts between subordinates; choose strategic alternatives and overcome crisis situations. QUESTION 2 2.1 The role and importance of a mission statement is to describe the organisation in terms of the customers needs it aims to satisfy, the goods or services it aims to supply and the markets it intends to pursue. The mission statement describes the organisations purpose for existence and it details facts such as what the organisation is all about, who the organisation is and the type of business it is in. The role and importance of a vision statement is to describe where the organisation wants to be in the future. An example would be, a natural water bottling company who wants to expand into flavoured water bottling, and the marketing and selling thereof. 2.2 The mission and vision of an organisation must be enforced through tactical planning. This is the process of making detailed decisions about what has to be done; who will be doing it and how it will be done. The statements are best developed if input by all the members of the organisation is acquired and the people working in the organisation need to believe it, in order for the customers to believe in it. QUESTION 3 EXPLAINING THE BENEFITS THAT CAN BE ACHIEVED BY THE SOUND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FOUR MANAGERIAL FUNCTIONS FOR THE DIRECTOR OF PRODUCTIVITY MANAGERIAL FUNCTION 1: PLANNING The benefit that can be achieved by implementing planning is that you will know exactly how you will accomplish your goals for improving productivity. You will know exactly what has to be done, how it is to be done, when it needs to be done and by whom it is to be done. An overall direction will be established, you will identify and commit the correct resources and you will know which tasks have to be done. Planning provides structure and guidelines and the development of strategies will take place. MANAGERIAL FUNCTION 2: ORGANISING Through organising, the hierarchy of the production team will take shape. You will determine who is most qualified to perform the work and help you improve productivity. The benefit of organising is thus the establishment of a strong team who can be developed even further through training. MANAGERIAL FUNCTION 3: LEADING The benefit of leading is that you can influence and motivate your subordinates towards the improvement of productivity. MANAGERIAL FUNCTION 4: CONTROL By implementing control, you will guide the production team towards improving productivity. You will monitor and compare the teams actual activities against the production goals. The benefit of control is; if the actual doesnt compare with the plans, you can make the changes needed to match the productivity with the goals as set out. EVENTUAL BENEFITS The eventual benefits of improvement of productivity will mean employee satisfaction. Subordinates will take pride in their jobs, which in turn will mean that the quality of the products produced will be improved. The improvement of productivity will mean higher volumes of products will be produced, which will create customer satisfaction. This will increase turnovers, which will create profit generation for the organisation. Document Prepared By: Loriaan Isaacs QUESTION 4 4.1 A skill is the ability to accomplish specific tasks by demonstrating specific behaviours, while a competency is the aptitude to participate in non-routine intellectual activities. Skills and competencies can be strengthened through further studies, through hands-on experience and on the job training and also by taking on new responsibilities. 4.2 The six competencies that managers should possess are: Communication competency Planning and administration competency Teamwork competency Strategic action competency Global awareness competency Self-management competency Communication competency is the effective transfer and exchange of information that leads to the understanding between yourself and others. It includes informal communication, formal communication and negotiating. Informal communication is the building of strong interpersonal relationships via two-way communication, with a wide range of people, formal communication includes clear, concise and effective writing, and negotiating is the skill of exercising upward influence with superiors, laterally with peers, downward with subordinates as well as externally with customers, suppliers and other stakeholders. Planning and administration competency involves deciding what tasks need to be done, determining how they can be done, allocating resources to enable them to be done and then monitoring progress to ensure that they are done. It includes information gathering, analysis and problem solving; planning and organizing projects; time management; and budgeting and financial management. This competency includes the taking of calculating risks and the anticipation of the consequences, the prioritizing of tasks, monitoring of schedules and the understanding of budgets, cash flows, financial reports, annual reports and the uses of such information. 4.3 Evaluation of Loriaan Isaacs by Duane Spandiel, LLB graduate Loriaans informal communication competency is very good, she communicates well with a wide range of people. Her formal communication competency is excellent, but I found that her negotiating competency requires further training and developing. QUESTION 4 Continued†¦ 4.3 Evaluation of Loriaan Isaacs by Duane Spandiel, LLB graduate continued†¦ I found her planning and administration competency lacking. She needs to grow in this department and I am sure that she will be capable to be excellent in risk taking and prioritizing tasks, after she had undergone further development and training. QUESTION 5 5.1 Delegation of authority is the downward transfer of formal authority from superior to subordinate. The employee is empowered to act for the manager, but the manager remains accountable for the outcome. 5.2 The six principles for improving delegation of authority are: Establish goals and standards Every manager before delegating the powers to the subordinates should be able to clearly define the goals as well as the results expected from them. The standards of performance should also be notified clearly. Define authority and responsibility The manager should maintain a balance between authority and responsibility. If a subordinate is given a responsibility to perform a task, he should be given enough authority to carry out the task effectively. Involve subordinates The manager should allow subordinates to participate in brainstorming ideas, the manager must be prepared to consider the ideas of their subordinates. Require completed work The manager must be clear with the results expected. The manager must determine the acceptable level of performance. Provide training The manager must provide employees with training to prepare them for greater responsibilities. Establish adequate controls The manager should measure the employees success against the goals set. The manager should stay on top of things and hold the employee accountable. The manager should establish feedback controls. QUESTION 6 6.1 The three levels of management in an organization are First-Line Managers, Middle Managers and Top Managers. 6.2 Three primary tasks of First-line managers include responsibility for the production of goods or delivery of services, supervision of employees in their everyday tasks and leading employees who do the actual work. Middle managers are responsible for directing and coordinating the activities of first-line managers, they transform top managements strategies into specific goals and plans for line management to implement, and they carry out top managers directives by delegating authority to their subordinates. Top management tasks include the provision of executive leadership and strategic vision, they are responsible for the overall direction of an organization and they manage the strategic planning process. QUESTION 7 Departmentalisation is the grouping of jobs that belong together in order to reach the organisations goals, example: National, Provincial and Local Government. The four basic types of departmentalization are: Functional departmentalization Place departmentalization Product departmentalization Customer departmentalization

Frozen Pizza and Other Slices of Life

â€Å"Frozen Pizza and Other Slices of Life† Frozen pizza and other slices of life, by Antoinette Moses, is a very good book which tells us eight different stories about different people who show us the same country (England) but from their own point of view and tells us eight different stories about their particular lives. In the last four chapters, we can find other new British's point of view and many lessons from each chapter. Here is what we have learned from the last four chapters.To start with ‘Sweetie’, in this chapter, the story represents a student life, whose plot talks about Nikki Apton, a student college, who is not quite good at managing on her life. Her characteristic is the same as other students who are not able to arrange what is the priority thing to do. She is always irresponsible for the negative results that are made by her. Fashionable student ‘Nikki Apton’ leads a fun-loving life, exploiting parents for money and leaning on her friend Sue to cover up for absences at seminars. Her father loses his job and cannot subsidize her; meanwhile the bank stops her cash card.Sue complains to lecturer Mrs. Martins about the way Nikki puts pressure on her. Nikki receives a letter saying she has failed the course. She remains convinced that she has a bright future despite her academic failure. In this story, the author does not give us know the story by the main character narrating. She runs the story by Nikki, the main character, sending E-mails to her friend, her boyfriend, her parents and her lecturer. The language and style that the author uses is just daily-life words. It is easy to understand even though there is some unseen slang found.Nikki’s characteristic is like her sending Emails. She never faces up with the problems directly. She uses E-mail to deal with them. It shows that she is not quite sincere because when writing E-mail, we have to think each word over repeatedly. Sometimes, we may not mean th at as we exactly feel but have to use those sentences just because it sounds better. After finishing this chapter, Nikki reminds me to look at myself. She is the mirror that reflects my life and warns me not to do like her. The lesson that I have got from the chapter is ‘As you sow, so shall you reap. From the story, Nikki does not do her duty by herself, asking someone help and also complaining him or her when it is not what she expects. Finally, She deserves to fail in her academic at the end of the story. Next chapter is ‘The Star Reporter. ’ The plot of this chapter is associated with a student reporter, Mike, who makes the news about a flooded area near his college, and this event changes his life forever. There are three main characters in this chapter; Mike, Angela, and Carol. Mike’s characteristic is curious and sympathetic.Angela is an ambitious editor of the Student News team who does not care what is right or wrong. The last main character is Car ol, a Robbie’s mother who lives in the flooded area. She cannot accept any truth that she did. Mike, a student who was in the Student News Team, made the news about the nearby area, which had flood every year. Angela, the editor, agreed with him and sent him to give the people who lived in the flooded area an interview and also sent Sue with him in order to take the photographs. In the flooded village, Mike met Carol, who was lifting a buggy up to the stairs while carrying her baby, Robbie.While Sue was taking a photo of her, Carol was so frightened that she forgot her baby and things in her arms but covered her face instead. Luckily, Mike was fast enough to catch the baby in time. After talking with Carol, Mike was very pleasant and felt that she was a very good mother. Moreover, he was eager to know why Carol was afraid of journalist. So he returned to find more information about Carol and he discovered that she was headline in the news long ago as a child murderer. When sh e was eleven years old, she usually took care of the children around her neighbor as a babysitter.According to the news, she hit the child to make him stop crying until he died. But Carol said a child had fallen off a slide and smashed hit head. Carol was sent to a prison for young people and she had to stay there until she was sixteen. While Mike was reading the news, Angela came in and saw it. Angela took that news to the publishers and they published the news as â€Å"WE FIND CHILD KILLER’S SECRET HOME! † Carol and Robbie had to be separated from each other. Mike resigned from the college and travel abroad. At last, He gave up the idea of journalist and decided to become a teacher instead.The language and style that the author uses in this chapter is easy to understand. She often uses many dialogues in order to continue the story smoothly. In addition, she also uses metaphors to illustrate the readers. For example, she compares the Tabloids with two years old kids w ho scream when they are hungry or lose their toys because the tabloids get the readers’ attention by using a big headline. For the mood of this story, the narrator, Mike tells the story depressingly and guiltily. ‘Something that you do not intend to do can make others suffer’ is the lesson we have learned from this story.Mike does not mean to let Angela knows about Carol’s background, but Angela knows it accidentally and finally Carol had to separate from her child. Another lesson is ‘Just one mistake can change your life forever. ’ From the story, Mike decided to become a teacher instead of a journalist after this happening. The third account ‘Don’t Miss the Mozart’ is involved with Melanie, a woman who is sent to pick up a pianist, Louise Conte at the train station, but she picks up a wrong woman with misunderstanding, so she is fired from her work.Finally, she takes her revenge by abducted the pianist so that Louise Cont e will miss her concert. There are two main characters in this chapter; Melanie and Nicole Leconte. Melanie is too careless to check that the person she picks up is the real pianist. And Nicole Leconte, a university scientist from France who comes to England to do a seminar, is too innocent to realize that there is something wrong with this hospitality. Melanie was sent to the train station at Norwich, England to pick up French pianist, Louise Conte.She was a soloist who will play Mozart Concerto at festival concert. Melanie misunderstood that a French scientist, Nicole Leconte, was the pianist, so she took her to a luxurious hotel, which surprised Nicole. Nicole thought this was a surprising hospitality, but does not realize there must be something wrong. When arriving at the festival office, they just know the truth. Mel was very angry. Later, Mel took revenge on Louise Conte by disguising herself to be Conte’s driver and taking her to the north, so it made Conte miss the c oncert.The author explains the two main characters’ feeling clearly so that the readers can understand easily that this situation is an accident, Melanie does not want to mix Nicole up with Madame Conte. Moreover, the author uses hyperbole to demonstrate the readers. For example †¦Nicole heard her ask, as if it was the most marvelous surprise to find her there, at the moment†¦. Another device the author uses in this chapter is foreshadowing. According to the middle of the story, Nicole told Melanie not to miss the Mozart concerto hat would be played one evening but at the end of the story, Melanie made Louise Conte miss it.The lesson from this chapter is ‘Carelessness will lead to disaster. ’ From the story, Melanie did not check carefully that the person she met was the true pianist, Louis Conte, so she was fired from her job. The plot of the last chapter â€Å"The Shivering Mountain† is about an Italian school student, Paulo, who expects the ci ty life in England, must be fun. On the other hand, the Fowler family’s activities in their free time, which he stays with, make him annoyed and disappointed. Finally, there has an incident to make him realize why the British family loves doing those activities.There are two main characters: Paulo and Nick. The characteristics of Paulo are stubborn, grumbling and pessimistic while Nick is easy going and a nature lover. Paulo who was an Italian School student had to spend his summer with the Fowler family in England. Paulo enjoyed the city life just in the first week but after that time he found it miserable to join with the family trip to the Peak District and activities that the Fowler planned to do like going walking and bird watching. Moreover, he felt disappointed his friend’s behavior, Nick Fowler, that it was not the same as if Nick became a different person.One morning, Paulo walked alone into the hills without unawareness of the danger. Getting lost into the mi st, he almost stepped off a cliff but fortunately; Nick could help him in time. Finally, the incident brought them closer together. The language and style that author usually uses is common words and informal language. So it is easy to understand. Moreover, the author always describes the story with lots of adjectives and adverbs that make us easily imagine the pictures along with the story. The language device that author usually uses is the metaphor. It also compares two things.You can see two examples in the story: it was like being inside a cloud and you’d look like a sheep. Moreover, author also uses hyperbole as one of the language devices. From the story â€Å"The clothes, for a start, would make them laugh till they were sick†, you can see that it is impossible for someone laughing until he or she is ill. It is the technique to evoke strong feelings or to create a strong impression, but not meant to be taken literally. What I have learnt from this story is that we should adapt ourselves to the new environment. Try to learn the new activities in our leisure time of another society.And you will find sometimes the differences are not worse like you think. For example, Paulo whose family, his friends and people in Italy love spending their summer swimming, playing football and sunbathing on the beach, while the Fowler family enjoys spending their holidays living with the nature in the countryside. British family is quite the nature lover. They like looking at many kinds of birds through binoculars, walking up to a hill, sleeping in a tent. Especially, for British family to use guidebooks and maps makes Paulo surprised. It seems that people in Italy do not take an interest in a map.At last, Paulo understood why his friend, Nick, loves coming to the Peak District after he had seen a goshawk flying over his head. The story we dislike the most is ‘Don’t Miss the Mozart’ because the way Melanie solved her problem by abducting t he pianist instead of accepting he mistake is unreasonable and desperate, so we think the story should not end like this. On the other hand, our favorite story is ‘Sweetie’ because this story usually happens in daily life and in every culture. This story also reflects the college society that students have to deal with many problems.Besides the consequence of Nikki’s behavior is what she deserves. There are many reading strategies we have learned from the class can apply to this reading of narrative text. The first technique is to guess meaning from the context. From the entire stories we have read, we barely look up the word in the dictionary for. We usually try to guess the meaning from the context first. Using note-taking technique while reading is so utile that when we want to get the important detail, we can abruptly recall knowledge from the note we take before.Moreover, making an inference is one we usually use to get the implied meaning of something. It i s a crucial skill that must be mastered for us to have real comprehension. When we recall prior experiences that are similar to what we are reading, it helps us much to get the valuable lessons of each chapters. In conclusion, the stories from the fifth chapter to the last chapter reveal us the culture, the ways of life, people attitude, and the media in the United Kingdom’s society including personal thought, opportunity, and problem, media effects, and social adaptation.Because of the easy language, we can enjoy the stories and imagine along with when reading. Moreover, these stories are the common situations that can occur in everyday lives but can be the social problems by not paying attention. Finally, all the valuable lessons in every chapter reflect every aspect of people’s lives and can be applied in our daily lives. Chadaratch Kalyasiri 5311100265 Yanisa Treerat 5311100290 Tharin Rienjongdee 5311100338 Puttamas Limchaisawat 5311100443

The Guiding Rules and Principles of Ragusa During the...

It is the aim of this report to examine and present in as concise a from as possible the principles and rules which guided and regulated the economic activities of Ragusa during the period known as the Middle Ages. Moreover, touching upon the primary commercial institutions and players that helped establish this city, how this city regulated itself along with gearing itself to prosperity. Hypothesis: The dissertation of this research report will focus on demonstrating how Ragusa’s economy flourished in the Middle Ages, along with the activities that were conducted to promote the well-being of the civilians of this city. Methodology: This report triggers the interest to research the different methods that Ragusa utilized to promote its†¦show more content†¦One is tempted to think of Ragusa as an early sign of a modern economy with strong fundamentals and an outward orientation. The literature on Ragusa is merely the work of historians, and solely contains statistics, mainly the interpretations are based on contemporary writers and evidence in archival works. Economic Development Ragusa was founded by Greek-Italian denizens in the 7th century who were fleeing from the Avar invasion of Epidaurus. By the 11th century Ragusa surfaced as a maritime and a commercial city, as Idrisi writes, â€Å"Ragusa was a large maritime town whose population consisted of hardworking craftsmen and possessed large fleet that traveled to different parts† (Carter, 1972, p.74). Written by Guistinani in 1553, he mentions that the civilians of Ragusa possessed fortunes that were far more in excess of other Dalmatian cities and were comparable to those of the Venetian elites. The early years of Ragusean history indicate that the economy was very simple, solely self-sufficient, and based on fishing, with some agricultural and construction of small crafts. Within a century of Ragusa’s founding, the first shipyard was ready and moving beyond local fishing coasts. Moreover, another indicator of its early economic development reveals that in 866 during the siege of Saracen, Ra gusa endured the 15 month seize showing signs of a strong economy with a strong defence system ready to withhold anything. In the 11th

Hitler And The Nazi Party - 2125 Words

It is undebatable that Hitler and the Nazi party abused propaganda and distorted the media in order to rise to power and then deceive the German population. Propaganda was incorporated into every German citizens’ life through broadcasts, posters, newspapers and speeches put on by the Fà ¼hrer himself. This propaganda was filled with lies and deceptions about certain ethnic groups, held strong nationalistic ideals and contorted the national German opinion. In Goebbels’s efforts to create a unified German opinion he targeted several all-encompassing groups; the military, workers, the middle class, housewives, the church and youth. The goal of targeting these groups was unified; however, the details and effects of propaganda differed throughout these groups. Occupation and social place effected the influence of propaganda over an individual and the strategies used in making propaganda effective. Nazi propaganda targeted soldiers and generals in the military. German soldiers were on the ground fighting; therefore, it was harder to deceive them about military victories. Military propaganda’s objective was directed towards bringing happiness and hope to troops who were experiencing the first hand effects of war. In much of militarized propaganda, Goebbels’s depicted Hitler as a common soldier. This offered reassurance to soldiers who were putting their lives on the frontline. Soldiers could feel as though the Fà ¼hrer was fighting with them and also risking his life.Show MoreRelatedHitler And The Nazi Party1806 Words   |  8 Pagesbecause of how large scale the destruction was. Over a course of twelve years, Hitler and the Nazi party developed a comprehensive solution to the Jewish problem. Through a series of three solutions, Hitler and his party sought to eliminate European Jewry. Through a series of calculated actions over a decade, Hitler used politic al, situational, and physical violence to break down the European Jewry. In order for Hitler to win his war against the Jews, he had to break down the autonomy of the groupRead MoreHitler And The Nazi Party1547 Words   |  7 Pages Nazism in America Probably one of the most infamous political groups in history were the Nazis, a party created and lead by Hitler, an equally awful man. The Nazi party was based in Germany, and many Germans had fallen prey to their deception through their immoral methods, but it was a true surprise when Americans started to become ensnared by their deceit as well. After WWI, Germany was in ruins; so many Germans immigratedRead MoreHitler And The Nazi Party942 Words   |  4 PagesUnder the ruling of Hitler and the Nazi Party, Germany inaugurated the war in 1939 with an unexpected invasion Poland. Nearly all of Europe was taken over by Hitler in 1940. By the summer only Britain remain of the European power. The course of the war changed when Britain grabbled with an attack performed by the Nazi Party. Then Hitler, disobeyed an agreement made with the Soviet Union, by ordering an invasion on Britain. Afterwards the United States entered the war when Japan attacked the PearlRead MoreEssay on Hitler and the Nazi Party825 Words   |  4 PagesHistory Assignment Hitler attained power in 1933 as the result of a complex set of factors. He was the right man at the right time to take advantage of the problems that had arisen in Germany in the post war years. In the post war years of the 1920s to the 1930s, the German people had many grievances. The biggest of which was the economy. The hyperinflation of the early 1920s, in January 1921 the German mark was 65 marks to the American dollar and on November 1923 it was worth 4 200 000Read MoreHitler s And The Nazi Party1409 Words   |  6 PagesHitler s henchmen were those inside the Richstag and other important segments of the German government. These include Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Goering, Rudolf Hess, Heinrich Himmler, Ernst Rohm, Reinhard Heydrich. It is debated if they escaped justice or not. Joseph Goebbels was born in 1897 and became a doctor in philosophy in 1920. Due to his hatred of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, he joined the Nazi party near the end of 1924 to help build support for the party in Berlin. In 1923 heRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Nazi Party889 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1933, Adolf Hitler was legally named chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg. In the following years, Hitler would take power as Fà ¼hrer and the Nazi party would create laws that pretty much allowed them to kill eleven million people. While the anti-semitic laws and the laws against â€Å"undesirables† were horrible, they were still laws. 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In the period from 1933 to 1939, the Nazis ultimately achieved consensus in creating the VolksgemeinschaftRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Nazi Party1333 Words   |  6 PagesHitler as Chancellor In January 1933, Adolf Hitler capitalized on his appointment to Chancellor as a new government began forming around him. Conservative politicians responsible for placing him in power had envisioned a way to harness Hitler and the Nazi party (also known as the National Socialist German Workers’ Party) to establish an authoritarian government by replacing the republic. Hitler, recognizing the circumstances, masterfully established his own totalitarian regime and maintained complete

Rape, Sexual, And Sexual Abuse - 1506 Words

â€Å"The word rape comes by the way of the Anglo-Norman raper from the Latin rapere, to seize by force. This definition with its emphasis on force is strikingly similar to our understanding today. Legally, the definition of rape varies by state and nation. The National Crime Victimization Survey, the most reliable source of data on this highly unreported crime, defines rape as forced sexual intercourse means vagina, anal or oral penetration by the offender(s)†¦Includes attempted rapes, male as well as female victims and both heterosexual and homosexual rape. Attempted rape includes threats of rape†. The common factor for sexual violence around the world is that which is committed by a close partner, which leads to the assumption that one of the most significant causes for people in terms of their vulnerability to sexual assault is being married or living together with a partner. There is other factors that influence the threat of sexual violence like being a female, bein g someone young, being a sex worker, having substance abuse issues, previous history of being raped or sexually abused, having multiple sex partners, being educated and economically empowered (usually sexual violence happens with intimate partner), being considered physically attractive, incarceration, and having a mental disability. Other individuals such as college students are at high risk primarily because of the heavy drinking that is a characteristic of college life. Furthermore, the National ViolenceShow MoreRelatedCampus Rape And Sexual Abuse1573 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 2014 Campus Rape For most students fresh out of high school, college provides a fresh new experience free of the restrictions present while living under your parents roof. 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Read MoreEssay on Sexual Abuse on Women1250 Words   |  5 PagesSexual abuse, also known as sexual assault, is any sort of sexual activity that one doesn’t agree to which includes, inappropriate touching, vaginal, anal, or oral penetration, sexual intercourse that one says no to, rape, attempted rape, as well as child molestation. Sexual abuse is usually verbal or visual. It can also be anything that forces a person to be in unwanted sexual contact. There are many examples of sexual abuse like voyeurism, exhibitionism, incest, and sexual harassment. VoyeurismRead MoreRape And Sexual Assault Of The United States1453 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinitions of rape as well as sexual assault over the years there Have been many definitions floating around. The most recent and most accurate definition For the two are very in depth for instance sexual assault id defined as any type of sexual contact Or a certain behavior that occurs without blatant consent. 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Anorexia Nervosa a Feminist reading of a distorted perception of beauty Free Essays

string(203) " and exaggeration of the feminine idea whether anorexia is an over-conformity or rebellion against the notion of feminine beauty, it is still calling attention to the effects of gender roles in society\." Introduction The focus of this essay is to explore the eating disorder Anorexia nervosa. Anorexia was chosen for the topic for this essay as it has both a long history in human culture but is still a very current and prevalent issue. The subject of anorexia will be explored using various sociological perspectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Anorexia Nervosa: a Feminist reading of a distorted perception of beauty or any similar topic only for you Order Now First, the feminist perspective will focus on women’s experiences and explore anorexia from the standpoint of a woman as opposed to the often male-dominated perspective of traditional society (Hall and Steven, 1991). The functionalism theory interprets society as a whole made up of correlated parts such as traditions, institutions, customs, etc; therefore, this perspective will examine the association between societal pressure and media influence and anorexia. And lastly, the symbolic interaction perspective analyses symbols, subjective interpersonal significance and the interaction between individuals through communication (Van der Spuy E, M de Klerk H and Kruger R, 2003) anorexia can be explained through various symbols such as food and self-image and how these are used to communicate self-image to other individuals. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterised by extreme anxiety about one’s weight and keeping it as low as possible by very strictly limiting the intake of food (NHS, 2011).There are various statistics relevant to anorexia available in the UK. According to The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), approximately one in 250 females and one in 2000 males will experience anorexia (2004). In the UK, approximately one in every 100 women between the ages of 15 and 30 years suffer from anorexia (Disordered Eating, 2011). However, reports have shown girls as young as five years old have weight concerns and are potentially susceptible to develop anorexia (Disordered Eating, 2011). According to Beating Eating Disorders (B-EAT 2011), around 1-2% of young women are thought to be anorexic at any one time and approximately 11 people in 100,000 develop the condition each year. Approximately 40% of people with anorexia recover completely and an estimated 30% wi ll continue to suffer long-term effects of the illness (Disordered Eating, 2011). Anorexia is a serious health issue because it is the leading cause of mental health-related deaths (NHS, 2011). The mortality rate for anorexia is estimated to run around 13-20% per year (Howlett et al., 1995). It is also important to study because it is associated with various health complications. One of the primary complications is loss of fertility which may cause lifelong difficulties (B-eat, 2011). There are also other complications due to malnutrition such as osteoporosis which can increase the risk of spontaneous fractures even from minor traumas (B-eat, 2011). The feminist perspective is a sociological perspective based on a female-centered viewpoint as an alternative to the male-centered viewpoint that often dominates traditional philosophy, society, and culture (Rodgers 2005). According to Hall and Steven (1991), feminism has the three basic principles of: valuing women and validating women’s experiences, ideas, and needs; recognizing the existence of ideological, structural, and interpersonal conditions that dominate women; and a desire to change these oppressive limitations through criticism and political action. As body image is part of a woman’s concept of her sexuality, it is related to her feeling feminine and attractive and consequently her self-esteem (Fobair, 2006). Feminist theory suggests that the reason women feel dissatisfied with their bodies is because of a social phenomenon and not individual choice (McKinley, 2002). Women tend to be more concerned about the appearance of their bodies than men, who are more concerned with the functionality of their bodies (Ziebland, 2002). Landwerlin (2001) suggests that the extreme pressure of women to conform to the idea that beauty in women is being exceptionally thin has led to an epidemic of eating disorders. Women feel the need to meet impossible demands of beauty and thinness and struggle to meet the expectations of the feminine stereotype (Parker and Mauger, 1976). Women with anorexia are obsessively pursuing the ideal feminine body shape in an exaggerated manner (Boskind-Lodahl, 1976). Boskind-Lodahl (1976) suggests that anorexic women are controlling their appearance to gain the approval of others, especially men, and gain a sense of self-worth through this validiation Chernin (1986) believes that women with eating disorders are using their bodies to express unhappiness about their role in life in a male-dominated society. Because a woman’s body is representative of her identity, women are able to express confusion about her role in society through eating disorders such as anorexia (Chernin, 1986). Conversely, there are some feminist theorists who believe that women with anorexia are not conforming to the feminine ideal, but rather rejecting it. As women with anorexia are overly thin, they actually become unattractive and challenge the concept of being valued for their appearance (Moorey, 1991). Lester (1997) suggests that by becoming so overly thin, women are flaunting the fact that society demands this viciously harmful body type to be considered attractive. It is an unmistakable statement that she believes societal pressure is causing her to starve herself and be dangerously unhealthy (Bordo, 1997). It is in a sense over-conforming to the point where the woman disappears, first physically, then spiritually. She is trying to break away from the stereotypes of femininity beauty shoved onto her from a male-centered society (Malson and Ussher, 1997). This feminist theory that women with anorexia are actually trying to break away from conformity can be extended. To escape the feminine role that is forced onto them, women may adopt masculine characteristics as the solution (Elks, 1994). Elks (1994) believes that women use anorexia to transform their bodies into a sexless state, by denying the normal curves of a woman that are associated with feminine characteristics such as pregnancy. It is a rejection of fertility and obligation to a family as a mother or wife. By suppressing the development of hips and breasts, women are changing their bodies into a more genderless figure (Elks, 1994). All of these feminist theories suggest that women are using their bodies as a political statement. Orbach (1989) suggests that anorexia is an ambivalence about femininity, both a rejection and exaggeration of the feminine idea whether anorexia is an over-conformity or rebellion against the notion of feminine beauty, it is still calling attention to the effects of gender roles in society. You read "Anorexia Nervosa: a Feminist reading of a distorted perception of beauty" in category "Essay examples" The functionalism perspective sees society as being held together by social consensus, a functioning body that is made up of different interdependent elements such as customs, traditions, and institutions (Parsons, 1975). All of these parts affect each other so functionalism reflects on both the micro-scale individual components as well as the macro-scale function of the whole. Parsons (1975), a functionalist theorist, suggested that each individual had expectations of his and others’ actions and that these expectations were derived from the accepted norms and customs of their society Parsons suggested that individuals were expected to fulfill certain roles in society and conform to that specific society’s customs and what was seen as the norm. The perfect society then, would be one where there is no conflict between the norms of society and the performance of the individual within these institutions and traditions (Parsons, 1975). In modern society, mass media bombards images of extremely thin women as being the ideal form. Anorexia can be seen as society’s struggle to align this â€Å"norm† of very thin models and celebrities to all women. Robert Merton, another influential functionalist theorist, had similar notions to Parsons. Merton expanded Parsons’ ideas that some structures within society may be dysfunctional (Holmwood, 2005). Merton’s theory of deviance suggested that there was a possibility of discontinuity between the cultural goal and the reaction of an individual (Merton, 1957). Among these scenarios are conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreats, and rebellion (Merton, 1957). The prevalence of anorexia in society can be explained through several of these cases. Because of the widespread exposure of thin, beautiful women in the form of advertisements, movies, television and shows, the reaction of trying to conform to this image is easy to understand. Every day women see what type society labels as beautiful and strive to conform and be just like that image. Young girls and mature women alike suffer anorexia to achieve this conformity. Anorexia can also be seen as an innovation type scenario; w omen see the thin models and celebrities and will attempt to become this image through unaccepted methods such as starvation and malnutrition. Ritualism occurs when an individual strives to follow society’s norms but is not rewarded in the end. This is true in the cases of women where anorexia causes severe health issues and achieving the thin body type comes at a cost of morbidity and mortality. Merton also proposed the idea that human function could be categorized as either manifest functions which are obvious and intentional or latent functions which are vague and involuntary (Holmwood, 2005). Manifest functions are what people expect whereas latent functions are unrecognized and unexpected (Merton, 1957). Dysfunction, such as anorexia, can be seen as manifest or latent as well. Anorexia as a manifest dysfunction is recognized because it is a serious medical issue documented in hospitals and primary care. Anorexia can also be seen as a latent dysfunction since it was not necessarily anticipated as a product of media bombardment of thin models and celebrities. Anorexia can be interpreted through a variety of methods using the functionalist theory. Because anorexia is a reflection of self-image that is highly affected by society and mass media culture, the functionalist theory is a competent interpretative perspective for this topic. And lastly, the symbolic interaction theory is a micro-scale perspective, emphasizing the interpretation of symbols and self-perception as constructed by others through communication and interaction. Symbolic interaction not only examines the interaction between individuals but also within the own individual (Van der Spuy E, M de Klerk H and Kruger R, 2003). Because human actions consist of identifying the self as an object, it serves as a symbol which a woman can use to communicate to others and herself. Anorexic women are communicating their refusal to eat and the resulting thinness of her body as a symbol to others. Kaiser (1990) suggests that the self develops from the combination of the interaction with other individuals who give feedback and with those individuals with whom she compares herself. These other individuals may be friends, peers, stereotypes, etc. The woman compares herself to these other groups and takes their feedback into consideration in the development and perc eption of her self-image and body. Blowers et al (2003) suggests that this external pressure from different groups causes women to internalize societal norms that thinness is beautiful and important for success for a woman. When comparing magazines read by young women and by young men, Heilman (1998) found that ten times as many promoted the thin figure in advertisements targeted to women. Through media alone, young women are more susceptible to body image issues and according to Marcotte et al (2002), young women become more depressed than their male counterparts during teen years. This depression and low self-esteem could push these girls to resort to anorexia to match the model figures seen in so many advertisements. Kaiser (1990) proposes that a symbol should communicate the same thing to others and herself. So women apply self-control to behave a certain way in order for others to have a specific image of her. Individuals who suffer from anorexia exhibit this exact behavioural pattern of demonstrating extreme wil l power to refrain from eating (Slabber, 1985). Symbolic interaction proposes that clothes, food, and physical appearance can sometimes used to simplify social interactions (Van der Spuy E, M de Klerk H and Kruger R, 2003). All of these items serve as symbols which are used to communicate the self to others and to themselves. This symbol of the body is a mental picture that one has at any given time and a positive body image correlates strongly to a feeling of acceptance (Van der Spuy E, M de Klerk H and Kruger R, 2003). Dissatisfaction with their body image is correlated to eating behaviours in females as young as grade school children (Vander Wal and Thelen, 2000). Women with anorexia have a distorted body image and continue to strive to be as thin as possible (Drewnowski et al, 1995). Further encouraged by mass media and modern society’s fashion culture, women see the clothes they are supposed to wear on extremely emaciated figures (Kaiser, 1990). Kilbourne stated that women are driven by the fear of being overweight, as the intolerance against fat people, more specifically fat women, is one of the few remaining prejudices that are found socially acceptable (Benokrates 1999). Anorexic women also view food as an important symbol in her life. She is obsessed with the idea of it and at the same time rejecting it completely because it symbolizes weight gain (Kaiser, 1990). Further obsession on this symbol turns food and the idea of eating into a neurotic fear of gaining weight which leads to starvation to the point of malnutrition and danger. This feeling of power and control over abstaining from food becomes a symbol of herself and the extent of her will power and so becomes addicting and repetitive (Wardlaw1999). The symbols and interactions with other individuals that anorexic women interpret and experience play a large role in the development and continuation of their anorexic condition. Associating the symbol of food with becoming fat, which goes against the media stereotype of beauty in women, perpetuates anorexic tendencies in symbolic interaction theory. Anorexia is a serious health issue but with the help of various sociological perspectives, the intentions behind it can be understood so the affected individuals can be helped as best as possible. Understanding anorexia through the feminist perspective explores the topic from the viewpoint of the women, as opposed to the generally male-dominated perspective of traditional society. Feminist theory suggests that anorexic women are overly conforming to the idealised thin figure of the women to express unhappiness in the male-dominated society. Other feminist theory thought suggests anorexic women are actually rejecting the feminine role in society by becoming so emaciated; they shed their feminine shape and become an androgynous figure that rejects their role as a mother or wife. The functionalist perspective examines anorexia as one part of society that interrelates to other aspects of society, all coming together in a social consensus. This social consensus promotes various actions in individuals such as conformity, innovation, and ritualism. Women are driven to conform to the thin image of celebrities and models and use innovative methods such as extreme starvation to achieve these results. However, these results may be without reward if it leads to health problems and possibly death. Symbolic interaction perspective investigates anorexia in terms of how individuals perceive symbols and its interaction with other individuals and also themselves. Women view food as a symbol of weight-gain and grow to detest it, becoming obsessed with the idea of rejecting food. These anorexic women interpret their self-image as a reflection of what others think of them and use this feedback to view themselves. The media ideal of the thin female form influences women into viewing this as the only acceptable form of beauty in women. All of these sociological perspectives provide insightful logic into how anorexic women think and offer rationale behind their actions and motives. St udying anorexia through various sociological perspectives gives a comprehensive overview of many possible theories and explanations as to why this disorder afflicts these women. By truly understanding the underlying rationale behind these women’s actions, it is possible to help these women carefully and efficiently. REFERENCES B-eat. (2011) Understanding eating disorders, Accessed online on 18/04/2011 at http://www.b-eat.co.uk/Home/PressMediaInformation/Somestatistics Benokrates NV (1999). Marriages and families.. 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs. Blowers LC et al (2003). The relationship between sociocultural pressure to be thin and body dissatisfaction in preadolescent girls. Eating disorders:4(3);229-224 Bordo S (1997). The body and the reproduction of femininity in Writing on the body: female embodiment and feminist theory. Columbia University Press: NY Boskind LM. (1976) Cinderella’s stepsisters: A feminist perspective on anorexia nervosa and bulimia. SIGNS Journal of Women in Culture and Society:2;342-356 Chernin, K (1986.). The Hungry Self: Women, eating, and identity Virago Press: London Disordered Eating (2011). Anrexia Nervosa Statistics (UK). Accessed online on 19/04/2011 at http://www.disordered-eating.co.uk/eating-disorders-statistics/anorexia-nervosa-statistics-uk.html Drewnowski A, Kurth CL and Krahn DD(1995) . Effects of body image on dieting, exercise, and anabolic steroid use in adolescent males. International Journal of Eating Disorders:17(4);381-386 Elks ML (1994). On the genesis of anorexia nervosa – a feminist perspective. Medical hypothesis:42;180-182 Fobair P et al (2006) Body image and sexual problems in young women with breast cancer. Psychooncology:15;579-594 Hall JM, Steven PE (1991) Rigor in feminist research. ANS Adv Nurs Sci;13(3):16-29 Heilman EE. The struggle for self. Youth and society 1998:30(2);182-205 Holmwood, J. (2005) â€Å"Functionalism and its Critics† in Harrington, A., (ed) Modern Social Theory: an introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 87–109 Howlett M, McClelland L and Crisp AH (1995). The cost of illness that defies. 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Anorexia nervosa. Journal of dietetics and home economics 1985:13(2):55-59 Talcott Parsons (1975), â€Å"The Present Status of â€Å"Structural-Functional† Theory in Sociology.† In Talcott Parsons, Social Systems and The Evolution of Action Theory New York: The Free Press, Van der Spuy E. M de Klerk H and Kruger R. (2003) The development of social-cognitive models for a better understanding of the female adolescent suffering from anorexia nervosa. Tydskrif vir Geseinsekologia en Verbrulkarawetenskappe:31;30-40 Vander Wal JS and Thelen MH. (2000) Predictors of body image dissatisfaction in elementary-age school girls. Eating behaviours:1(2);105-122 Wardlaw GM (1999) Perspectives in nutrition.. 4th edition. McGraw-Hill: Boston Ziebland S et al., (2002) A body image and weight change in middle age: a qualitative study. Int J Obes:26;1083-109 Bibliography Dr Powell J (2010) Anorexia nervosa, what is anorexia nervosaAccessed (online) on 27/04/2011 at http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/anorexianervosa.htm Hornbacher M (1999) Wasted: A Memoir of Anorexia and Bulimia Hendricks J (2003) Slim to None: A Journey through the Wasteland of Anorexia Treatment, Contemporary books. Pub-med Health (2010) Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorder – anorexia, accessed (online) on 26/04/2011 athttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001401/ How to cite Anorexia Nervosa: a Feminist reading of a distorted perception of beauty, Essay examples

Effects of Hip Hop Music free essay sample

Hip hop music negative effects on ADSTAR University students language. A. Use of curse words. B. Use of slang. C. Changing the meaning of words. IV. Hip hop music effects on mens world view towards women. V. Hip hop music effects on ADSTAR University students world view towards money, luxury, and drugs. A. Influence by music videos. B. Influence by the lyrics. C. Influence by the celebrity life style. VI. Effects of Hip hop music on ADSTAR University students social relations. A.Judging of peers. B. Increased cases of low self-esteem. VII. Conclusion. VIII. References. Introduction Music is defined as an art of sound in time that expresses ideas and emotions in significant forms through the elements of rhythm, melody, harmony, and color. Music can also be defined as the science or art of ordering tones or sounds in succession, in combination, and in temporal relationships to produce a composition having unity and continuity. Music can also be accompanied with musical instruments that are struck, strum or beaten in a rhythm that is harmonious with the music being sung. Hip hop music is defined as an art of sound in time that expresses ideas and emotions In significant forms through the elements of rhythm, melody, harmony, and color. It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements: Mincing/rapping, Digging/scratching, break dancing, and graffiti 1 OFF music. Hip hop music is said to have originated from Bronx New York but it was most dominant among Latin Americans and African Americans. It is believed to have been pioneered by Jamaican born artist Cool DC Here at a Halloween party organized by his younger sister.Hip hop music has evolved since the sasss with the coming of new hip hop artists with new styles of hip hop. Hip hop music is now in the mainstream industry as it can be found anywhere in stores that sell music. For most chroniclers, the hip-hop scenes ability to transcend boundaries and language barriers is the most positive aspect of all. Some hip hop artists use their music to encourage oneness in the society and shunning tribalism.These hip hop artists also make aware to the people that no culture is superior to the other, this goes a long way in breaking cultural boundaries. A lot of hip hop artists have also started charity organizations that bring together people from all races in the world and they teach them how to live together despite their cultural back grounds. There are also gospel hip hop artists that encourage the breaking down of cultural boundaries as we are all one in Jesus Christ. SOURCE OF REVENUE Hip hop music provides Jobs for the hip hop artists, their managers, the sales men and women who sell their Cads.Hip hop music also is a source of employment to writers of the vast numbers of periodicals the focus in the hip hop scene in the oral. Governments also earn revenue from the hip hop artists as they pay taxes from their payments and their concerts. Hip hop artists are also a source of foreign revenue to the governments as some of the hip hop artists get to perform on international stages. Hip hop music also provides a source of income for the hip hop artists as they get endorsements from companies that use musicians to publicize their brands or even publicize the companies themselves.Hip hop musicians use this genre of music to make aware to the people of the social ND political ills in the society. Conscious hip hop or socially conscious hip-hop is a sub-genre of hip hop that focuses on social issues. Like several cases within many genres of music, the umbrella term was originally coined by audiences and music critics rather than the actual artists themselves. It is not necessarily openly political, but it discusses social issues and conflicts.